May 7-11, 2000
The Hague, The Netherlands
Edited by R.M. Geertman, Akzo Nobel Central Research, Department RTB, Velperweg 76, P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands
Description
These two volumes are the proceedings of the 8th World Salt Symposium, held 7 - 11 May 2000 in The Hague, the Netherlands. The papers in the proceedings deal with all aspects of salt and show how important salt is for mankind. "Salt: life depends on it" is not a fancy catchphrase, it is a simple fact. An example of its many vital roles is the use of salt as carrier of micronutrients. Iodization of salt prevents Iodine Deficiency Disorders, which affect or could affect the lives of billions of people. The papers in these proceedings show just how much progress has been achieved.
Salt and health is only one of the myriad of topics dealing with salt presented in the proceedings. Geology, solution mining and production are of course well represented. In line with the increased competition in the salt markets and the increased environmental awareness of the salt producers and the salt consumers, salt processing, salt markets and the relation between salt and the environment get ample attention.
Contents
VOLUME I. Introduction. Plenary lectures.
Keynote: The Public Health Imperative of Permanent Elimination of Iodine Deficiency (V. Ramalingaswami).
Creation of the Alliance as Basis for the present Success (D.J. Alnwick).
Salt Iodization around the World: Achievements and Challenges (M.G. Venkatesh Mannar).
National, Mutually Supportive Systems are needed for Permanent Success (D.P. Haxton).
Dietary sodium, surrogate markers and human health (M.H. Alderman).
Diet and hypertension: moving beyond preoccupation with salt (F.C. Luft).
Blood Pressure - Other Diet Components and Lifestyle (D.A. McCarron).
Assessment of Cardiovascular risk (D.E. Grobbee).
Salt sources and occurrences.
Keynote: Structural Geology and Genetic Analysis - Tools to decipher Internal Structures of Salt Bodies in a Pre-selecting Phase (F. Kockel).
Analysis and interpretation of saliniferous Zechstein structures (Upper Permian) in subrosive facies - examples from the Subhercynian basin (Germany) (D. Balzer).
Presaline sedimentation controlling the initial development of a giant salt deposit(Zechstein Cycle-1, Germany) (F. Becker, T. Bechstädt).
The use of CAD programs for the three-dimensional analysis of geological and geophysical data on the complex fold structures in salt diapirs (J. Behlau, G. Mingerzahn).
Investigation of deformation textures of salt rock from various Zechstein units and their relationship to the formation of the salt diapirs in NW Germany (O. Bornemann, R. Fischbeck, G. Bäuerle).
Significant sedimentary structures in the Keuper salt series from Lorraine-Champagne (NE France) (A. Buffet, J. Hilly, C. Marchal).
Geochemistry and age determination of Badenian evaporites from Wieliczka and Bochnia salt mines (Poland) (K. Bukowski).
The Production of Halite of High Purity (H.-J. Engelhardt, R. Gaertner, Chr. Hellberg).
GPR Measurements for Determining 3-dimensional Structures within Salt Deposits (D. Eisenburger, V. Gundelach).
Overview of Salt Occurrence in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea Region (S. Folle, Th. Beutel).
Salt occurences in the Netherlands and Germany: new insights in the formation of salt basins (M.C. Geluk, S. Bruckner-Rohling, H.-G. Röhling).
Steps towards successful prediction of the internal tectonics of salt structures (M.C. Geluk).
Appraisal of the possibility and economic expediency of using salt-water zones contained in rock salt beds or the salt structures as source of rare elements (I.I. Koreneva, V.A. Manoukian, E.V. Dedikov).
Fluid inclusions in halite from the Middle Triassic salt deposits in nothern Switzerland: evidence for sea water chemistry (V. Kovalevych, L. Hauber).
Analogue modelling of entrainment of non-evaporatic rocks by salt diapirs (H.A. Koyi).
Feasibility Study of a salt diapiric structure for a gas storage in the north of Spain (P. Renoux).
Use of Mathcad for the resolution of ionic equilibria in complex aqueous systems. Application to solubility calculations in {H2O-Na+-Ca2+-Cl--SO4 2- -OH-} (P. Marliacy, R. Solimando, L. Schuffenecker).
The evolution of marine evaporite deposition (P. Sonnenfeld).
Geological controls on the quality of potash (J.K. Warren).
Salt dissolution under various Quarternary climate conditions (A.F.B. Wildenborg, C.N. Bremmer, J. Gerardi).
A study on the Phase Equilibrium and Solution Properties of the Quinary System Li+-Na+-K+- CO3 2--B4O7 2-- H2O at 298 K (H.A. Yin, Y. Zeng, M.L. Tang).
Exploration of anhydrite wall and klippe structure for an optimized extraction of rock salt in the K+S salt mine Bernburg (Northern Germany) (S. Zeibig, J. Wendzel).
On the origin of fluid inclusions in ancient halite -basic interpretation strategies (H. Zimmermann).
Salt extraction.
Keynote: A brief history of salt cavern use (R.L. Thoms, R.M. Gehle).
Modeling of underground structures in rocksalt using a unified viscoplastic model (O.M.L. Yahya, M. Julien, M. Aubertin).
Prediction of time-dependent subsidence, tilt and horizontal strain over upwards migrated salt solution cavities (R.F. Bekendam, C. Oldenziel, W.A. Paar).
Use of solution-Mined Salt Caverns for the Disposal of Hazardous and Industrial Waste Products (C.L. Brassow, R.L. Thoms).
High convergence rates during deep salt solution mining in the northern part of The Netherlands (R.M.H.E. van Eijs, J.J.E. Pöttgens, J.N. Breunese, A.J.H.M. Duquesnoy).
The resistant intersalt rock sediment layer's forced controlled destruction technology principles while underground caverns construction by the solution mining method (B.N. Fedorov, L.C. Silvestrov).
Drilling through long salt intervals in Campos Basin, Brazil (A.M. Costa, F.A.S. Medeiros, C.F.H. Fonseca, C.S. Amaral, C.J.C. Goncalves).
Experiences with blanket level measurement in solution mining caverns of Salinen Austria (E. Gaisbauer).
From science to compliance: Geomechanics studies of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (F.D. Hansen).
The Solution Behavior of CaSO4 in Saline Water and Possible Precipitation (Chr. Hellberg, H.-J. Engelhardt, G. Talman).
Approaches for Validation and Application of a New Material Model for Rock Salt Including Structural Damages (K.-H. Lux, Z. Hou, U. Düsterloh, Z. Xie).
Computer models of the salt cavern leaching process - evolution over the last 35 years (A.S. Kunstman, K.M. Urbanczyk).
Possibilities of contruction of Underground Storage Fields for Natural Gas, Crude Oil and Petroleum - Derived Fuels in Polish Halite Deposits in the Light of the Most Recent Surveys (S. Branka, A. Maciejewski, M.M. Mazur).
Mass transfer in the zone adjacent to the contour of an underground cavern (V.P. Maljukov).
Application of advanced fishing techniques (A.C.G. Nagelhout, T.E. Esser, M. Jongsma, T.W. Bakker).
Modern brine field management, the use of a database as a tool for raw brine production and planning, monitoring and improvement of operations. (W.A. Paar, H. Grievink, F.W. Bauer).
Effect of Pore Pressure on Damage Accumulation in Salt (T.W. Pfeifle, L.H. Hurtado).
Correlation of cavern survey data with geological and log data (A. Reitze, H. von Tryller). Overall Model of a Flooded Mine in Rock Salt and its Consequences at Surface (O. Rolfs, C. Franks, Chr. Döhner).
Long-term stable, fluid-tight sealing constructions in saline environment - basic concept, research, planning, construction test (P. Sitz, G. Koch).
Comparison of Different Methods for the Estimation of Primary Stresses in Rock Salt Mass with Respect to Cavern Design (K. Staudtmeister, T. Schmidt). Brittle rock fracture and progressive damage in potash (D. Stead, E. Eberhardt, Z. Szczepanik).
Optimized layout for Hengelo brine field cavities (M. Wallner, W.A. Paar).
Confidence Building in Relation with the Optimisation and extention of the Hvornum Brine Field in Mariager, Denmark (C.E. Oldenziel, D. Zander-Schiebenhöfer).
Salt production. Rock salt.
The Heilbronn Rock Salt Mine - Salt Production for the New Century (G.P. Bohnenberger).
Protection of Salt Mines against Water Inflow Threat on the Example of the Wieliczka Salt Mine (A. Gonet, S. Stryezek, A. Garlicki, W. Brylicki).
Systematic radar and borehole radar investigation in the salt mine of Borth (Germany) (L. Halleux, L. Corin, V. Defourny, R. Maly, U. Pippich, T. Richter, G. Van Lierde).
Detroit Salt Mine - Past & Future (H.J. Head, C. Eng, E.Z. Manos).
The control of a Brine Inflow and Support to the Resulting Solution Cavern in a Conventional Saskatchewan Potash Mine (A.D. Mackintosh, W.C. McClung).
Time dependent finite element modelling for mining systems in salt domes (O. Natau, M. Buehler, E. Kunz, M.W. Schmidt, N. Stockmann).
The influence of changes in humidity and temperature of air on the rock salt mine museum (N. Szlazak, D. Obracaj, M. Borowski).
Loss of the Retsof Salt Mine: Legal Analysis of Liability Issues (K. A. Payment).
Process Technologies for Underground Waste Storage in Manmade Cavities (H.-J. Roski, W. Schauenburg, G. Kappei, H. Kolditz).
Loss of the Retsof Salt Mine: Engineering Analysis L.L. van Sambeek, S.W. Gowan, K.A. Payment). Opto-electronic Sorting and Screening of Rock Salt (H.-P. Sauer).
Evaporated salt.
Salt Crystallization Systems: Design Features and Operation Advantages (J.E. DiMonte, P.F. Szustowski, H. Niederberger).
Carnallite and Potassium Chloride Crystallisation and Washing (P.A. Fokker, J.R. Ipema, P.V. Steeneken, D. Verdoes).
Design method for reasonable operation of industrial crystallizer using neural network model (M. Hasegawa, H. Ito, K. Okubo).
Manufacture of flaky salt (S. Inoue, N. Sugimoto, M. Yoshida).
The Materials and Performance of the Latest Quadruple Effect Evaporator System (I. Ishii, Y. Goda, M. Nakamura, T. Fujita, Y. Nozaki).
Keynote: Purification of Rocksalt by a New Process at Low Temperature (L. Ninane, Cl. Criado, L. Thomas).
Growth phenomena and morphology of NaCl crystals in drowning-out precipitation operation (H. Takiyama, M. Matsuoka).
Growth Rate of Tiny Calcite Crystal just Nucleated in Supersaturated Solution with Unstable Intermediate by Adddition of Sodium Chloride Crystal (K. Toyokura, T. Mizuno, K. Ukai).
Recovery of NaCl from saline mine water in the ED-MSF system (M. Turek).
Metastable Limits of Salt: Measurement and Consequences (J. Ulrich, C. Strege).
New type of crystallizer for particle size control of sodium chloride (F. Yamada, T. Tsukamoto).
Liquid Inclusion Formation in a Sodium Chloride Crystal Caused by Contacts of a Stainless Steel Rod (M. Yokota, N. Saito, A. Sato, N. Kubota).
Antisolvent Crystallisation as an Alternative to Evaporative Crystallization for the Production of Sodium Chloride (T.G. Zijlema, R.M. Geertman, G.J. Witkamp, J. de Graauw, G.M. van Rosmalen).
Sea/solar salt.
Chemical study of free brine in Solar salt works of Sfax Saline (Tunesia) (R. Amdouni).
Solar Pond Seepage Evaluation and Prevention Methods (D.S. Butts).
Ten commandments for biological management of solar saltworks (J.S. Davis).
Study of the lithium retention by sodium chloride, crystallised from natural brines (South of Tunesia) (H.A. Hamzaoui, A. M'nif and R. Rokbani).
An investigation of solar evaporation pond leakage and possible remedial measures at Sua Pan, Botswana (R. Low, D.M. Anderson, R.A. Boak, G. Nkala).
An application of G.P.S. in the Solar Salt Production (M. Martuchou, A. Ruiz).
Indian Solar Salt - Quality Improvement (D. Sengupta).
Brinemixing of residual brines to obtain MgCl2 salt: The case of El Mex solar , Egypt (A.M.A. Wali).
NIRMA, an integrated Solar Salt, Vacuum Salt and Soda Ash Project in India (R. van der Werf, D.J. Geuzebroek, T.J.M. van Lotringen).
Improved Treatment of Waste Brines (Chr. Balarew, D. Rabadjieva, S. Tepavicharova). Salt production and processing in Jordan (O. Sabatin).
By-product salt.
Salts recovery from MSW incineration residues (P. Berteau).
Processing of Rejected Products from Salt Works (H. Flachberger, H. Krenn).
Byproduct salt recovery from solid industrial effluent of hydrazine manufacturing plant (M.R. Gandhi, M.H. Vyas, R.J. Sanghavi).
Changing Waste Irrigation Waters from Pollutant to Benifical Products: Study of Recovery and Use of salts from the Salton Sea (G.J. Grott).
New potassiumprojects as a source for sodium chloride products with a high purity (K. Kahle, H. Scherzberg).
A Fertilizer from bittern, Phosphoric Aacid and Ammonia (J.A. Fernández-Lozano, A. Manili).
Salt recovery from waste brine and waste salt (J.A.M. Meijer, K.J. Leeuw).
On the Arsenic Distribution along the Coastline Area of Southeastern Taiwan (K.-H. Yu, M.C. Chang, S.-C. Tsai, F.S. Yen).
Electrodialysis
New ion exchange processes for brine purification (C.J. Brown, A. Russer, M. Sheedy).
The influence of the brine quality on the performance of membranechlor-alkali cells (A. Giatti).
Extraction performance of calixarene derivatives as a novel host molecule for salt ions (M. Goto, K. Uezu, S. Furusaki).
The impact of impurities in brine on the economy of membrane cell electrolysers (D. Krude).
Fundamental studies on application of supported liquid membranes for the recovery of lithium from seawater (T. Nishiki, T. Nakao).
Integrated System for Complete Usage of Components in Sea Water (H. Ohya, T. Suzuki, S. Nakao).
The Sea Water Pretreatment Facilities for Electrodialysis at Sanuki Salt Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (K. Takashima, S. Futaki, F. Hanada, M. Yamamoto).
A New Electrodialyzer Technique for the Salt Production by Ion Exchange Membrane (M. Yamamoto, F. Hanada, S. Futaki, K. Takashima). Salt Enrichment by a Novel Charged Mosaic Membrane (A. Yamauchi).
VOLUME II. Introduction. Salt analysis and salt processing.
Particle Destruction in Centrifuges (M. Bentz, W. Stahl).
Determining Precision of ASTM's Rapid Test Method for Sodium Chloride (B.M. Bertram, R.D. Pavlovich).
Fluid inclusion studies in modern halite from the Inagua solar saltwork (L.E. von Borstel, H. Zimmermann, H. Ruppert).
Validation in Analytical Chemistry: Moving Beyond the Laboratory into Industrial Processes and Product Marketing. Illustrated by a Case Study from the Salt Processing Industry (W.J.M. Emaus, J. Vink).
History and improvements on salt processing using fluidbed technology (G. Ettel).
Risk Based Inspection. The cost effective tool to optimise salt plant integrity (M.W. J. Hammink, C.W. Borghuis).
The Applicability of HPLC for the Analysis of Salt Additives (A. Koga, Y. Niino, Y. Yoshifuji).
Superior Characteristics of Flake Salt from a Multi-plate Crystallizer (S. Kowaki, A. Otsubo, Y. Kikuchi).
Automated complex of brine parameters measurement under cavern construction (N.N. Pyshkov, A.N. Paramonov, V.A. Liskin, V.L. Parfenov).
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) in research of microinclusions in halite (S.N. Shanina, Ye. A. Gobulev).
Atomic force microscopic observation of surface processes on salt in humid air (H. Shindo, A. Seo, M. Ohashi, K. Iwata).
On effective Porosity Diagnostics of Rock Salt (V.I. Smirnov, V.I. Salokhin, I.I. Zibinov, A.V. Kotov).
Development of a Preventive Method for Caking at Freezing Temperatures of Road Salt (H.To, K. Kagiwada).
Reactive crystallization of basic magnesium carbonate (H. Tsuge, Y. Takahashi, E. Fujiwara).
Continuous flow system for simple, rapid and sensitive determination of sulfate in various salts (T. Yamane, N. Aoyama, K. Higuchi).
Method for determining the composition of aqueous highly concentrated salt mixture solutions by attenuated total-reflectance IR spectroscopy (N. Yoshikawa, Y. Ueda, H. Ohya).
Salt markets and applications.
Changes Within the Chloralkali Industry and their Impact on Salt Demand (D.J. Hutchinson).
Keynote: Highway Salt:, Bargain of the Century (R.L. Hanneman).
Environmental risk assessment of de-icing salts (C. Defourny).
New Experiences with the Use of Salt in Winter Road Maintenance in Germany (H. Hanke).
Reengineering winter road maintenance (A. Mathis).
The use of magnesium chloride to improve storage and handling properties of deicing salt piles in sub-freezing weather (J.L. Poe).
Road Salting: an international benefit/cost review (J.E. Thornes).
Keynote: The Role of Salt in Food Manufacture (D.G. Edwards, R.A. Marsh).
Use of NaCl to Suppress Root Diseases of Asparagus, Beets and Cyclamens (W.H. Elmer).
Diffusion of sodium chloride in food materials during food processing - Various methods for measuring sodium chloride diffusion coefficients depending on the condition ot the food materials (S. Odake).
Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Iodized Salt for Lifestock (C.S. Pandav, M.G. Karmarkar, R. Sankar, M.G. Venkatesh Mannar).
Intense Salt hunger in migratory crossbred sheep at high altitude pastures of North-western Himalayas (S.P. Singh, R. Kumar, K.B. Sharma, N. Kumar).
Sodium deficiency as a possible cause of infertility in dairy animals (S.P. Singh, D. Rani, N. Kumar).
New uses of salt.
Salt-based Edible Coverings for Hay Bales (L.L. Berger).
Development and Application of Salt Crystal as a Capsulation Agent (Y. Yamaguchi, K. Nishioka, M. Chiba).
Use of sodium chloride as a means of eradication of Caulerpa Taxifolia (S. Escoubet, D Dupeux, P. Escoubet).
Salt and the environment.
Keynote: The Role of extreme halophilic Bacteria in Precipitation of Salt (J.-P. Perthuisot, S. Castanier).
Diatoms as indicators of pond conditions in solar salt works (E.E. Campbell, J.S. Davis).
Solar Salt Works: Purifying systems from undesirable Bacteria (S. Castanier, S. Jeanneau, J.-P. Perthuisot).
Influences of Deep Well Injection of Waste Brine on the Environment in the Werra Potash Region, Germany (J.-G. Fritsche).
The longterm behaviour of cement based backfill materials in salt formations (H.-J. Herbert, Th. Meyer).
Biogeochemical models of solar salterns (B.J. Javor). Physiology and Ecology of Mangroves (S. Kato, S. Aksornkoae).
Utilization of building brines in the process of creating underground reservoirs using the method of dissolving in rock salt beds (V.A. Manoukian, I.I. Koreneva, B.N. Fedorov).
Contribution to the determination of the halophilic bacteria content of mineral and biological media (M. Matrat, N. Bedidi-Madani, H. Lebon).
Effect of hyper- and hypo-salt stresses on survival of the halotolerant Brevibacterium so. JCM 6894 during the heat treatment (H. Mini and S. Nagata).
Fifty years of changes in the seawead flora of a polluted bay in southeast Brazil (E.C. Oliveira, B.Y.Qi, C.E. Amancio).
Variations in hatching haracteristics of Artemia cysts of Indian saline ponds in relation to salinity (A.A. Rahaman, M. Ambikadevi).
Salinas and nature conservation in the Mediterranean (N. Sadoul, J.G. Walmsley).
The distribution of viable microorganisms in Permo-Triassic rock salt (H. Stan-Lotter, C. Radax, C. Gruber, T.J. McGenity, A. Legat, G. Wanner, E.B.M. Denner).
DNA protection ability of intracellular highly concentrated salts on Halobacterium salinarium, an extremely halophilic bacterium (H. Terato, E. Asgarani, H.R. Shahmohammadi, H. Funamizu, T. Saito, H. Ide).
Iodized salt for sustaining IDD elimination.
Iodine content of non iodized and iodized salts obtained from the retail markets worldwide (R. Aquaron).
Iodized salt for sustaining IDD elimination in Nigeria (M.N. Asuquo).
Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in Nigeria Using Dangote Iodized Edible Salt (M.S. Ladan-Baki).
The Effectiveness of Salt Fluoridation Programs to Prevent Dental Caries in the Region of the Americas (E.D. Beltran, R. Báez, S. Estupinán-Day).
Community trials with iron and iodine fortified salt (Double fortified salt)(G.N.V. Brahman, K. Madhavan Nair, A. Laxmaiah, Ch. G. Reddy, S. Ranganathan, M.Vishnuvardhana Rao, A. Nadamuni Naidu, K. Vijayaraghavan, B. Sivakumar, Kamala Krishnaswamy, J. Gowarinth Sastry, M. Mohan Ram, N. Praldad Rao, Vinodini Reddy).
High day-to-day variability of urinary excretion despite almost universal salt iodization in Switzerland (H. Bürgi, B. Bangerter, L. Siebenhüner).
Development of Rapid Test Kits for Monitoring Salt Iodization (L.L. Diosady, M.G. Venkatesh Mannar).
Double Fortification Of Salt With Iron And Iodine (L.L. Diosady, M.G. Venkatesh Mannar).
Stability of Iodine in Iodized Salt (L.L. Diosady, M.G. Venkatesh Mannar).
Overview of Salt Fluoridation in the Region of the Americas, Part I: Strategies, Cost-Benifit Analysis and Legal Mechanisms utilized in the National Programs of Salt Fluoridation (S. Estupinán-Day).
Sustaining Salt Iodization Program in the Russian Federation (G. Gerasimov, B. Apanasenko, V. Kubasov, A. Shishkina).
The Role of Salt in Global Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (R. Houston, M. Lapointe, P. Lammie, A. Freeman, D. Addiss).
UAE Market May Hamper Universal Salt Iodization programs (I.S. Hussein).
Effects of mandatory iodization on the iodine content of retailer and household salt in South Africa (P.L. Jooste).
Intensified Iodine Deficiency Control in Indonesia (D. Latief, L. Palupi, E.P.L.M. Schoffelen).
ANIS: Algae for naturally iodized salt (P. Marchal). Salt fluoridation in Europe, comparisons with Latin America (T.M. Marthaler).
The value of rapid field kits for semiquantitative assessment of the iodine content of salt in monitoring programs (A. Melse-Boonstra, M.C.J. Quartaert, C. v.d. Poll, J. Bulux, N.W. Solomons, C.E. West).
An Overview of Salt Fluoridation in the Region of the Americas, Part II. The Status of Salt Production, Quality, Marketing and the State of Technology Development for Salt Fluoridation (T.A.W. Milner).
Field validition of salt iodine spot testing kit using multiple observers to assess the availability of iodised salt: Experience from India (C.S. Pandav, N.K. Arora, K. Anand, R. Sankar, S. Pandav, M.G. Karmarkar).
Analysis of 1997-98 Salt Iodization Levels in Croatia (I. Petrovic, N. Milanovic, Z. Petrovic).
A New Process for Stabilizing Iodine in Iodized Salt (A. Ranganathan, B.S.N. Rao, V. Reddy, S. Sundaresan, M.A. Ansari, R. Prakash).
Quality aspects of the rapid salt test kit in Indonesia (E.P.L.M. Schoffelen, D. Latief, L. Palupi, Surawang).
Possible Barriers to Quality Assurance of Iodized Salt in Bangladesh (M. Shahjahan, M. Baquer, T.T. Schaetzel).
Towards elimination of iodine deficiency Disorders by salt iodization in Cameroon (D. Sibetcheu, M. Nankap, M. Gimou, B. Kollo).
Bulgarian table salt market and IDD prevention strategy (T. Timtcheva, I. Zlatarov).
The impact of salt iodisation in Zimbabwe (C.H. Todd, J. Mutamba, T. Nyamandi, J. Hasler).
Micronutrient laboratory profeciency testing to achieve sustainability of the quality of monitoring data: the Andean countries experience (H. Vanhassel).
Salt and History.
Salt Production in the Emblems of German Heraldry (K. Gappa).
History of Research and Development of Improving Productivity of Salt under the Salt Monopoly (T. Hashimoto, M. Murakami).
Long-Term Baysalt History Structural Changes in Salt Winning and Production in Western Europe (J.C.Hocquet).
Innovations in Salt Evaporation Technology: US patents 1795 - 1845 (C.D. Litchfield).
A brief history of salt mining in Romania (P.C. Miclea).
Innovations in Salt Mining Technology in Austria from the 13th to the 18th century (R. Palme).
The Salt Industry in Europe at the Threshold to the Industrial Era (1780-1880)(P. Piasecki).
The Neolithic Settlement Pattern and Salt (N.N. Tasic).
The History of KNZ (Royal Dutch Saltworks) 1918 - 1940 (S. Troost).
Posters
Experimental and prediction sudies on the phase equilibrium of the quinary system Li+, Na+, K+ / Cl-, CO3 2- - H2O at 298 K (T.L. Deng, H.A. Yin, M.L. Tang).
Syndepositional textures and depositional settings of Morrocan Early Mesozoic layered halite-rock (M. Et-Touhami).
Geochemistry of the Huasco Salar's, Chile. Origin of solutes and brine evolution (I. Garcés).
The sodium sulphate and uleaxite deposits: saolar of surire, Chile (I. Garcés).
Salt formation in Ukraine: geology, reserves, exploitation and storage projects (D. Khruschov, S. Shehunova, V. Kalinin).
Simulation of Horizontal Solution Mining Process (P. Grönefeld, T. Pape).
The controlled exploitation ceasing of an unprofitable and destabilised salt deposit in a water saturated massif (I. Hadzihrustic, E. Oruc, I. Ibreljic).
Geophysical techniques for non-destructive subsurface mapping (H.H. Janssen).
The Prospects for Using the Underground Cavities of the Jar-Bishkadak Brine Works of Joint Stock Company "Soda" (Bashkorostsan) for Storage of Calcium-Bearing Slime (A. Voronin, Ye. Karatygin, L. Markevitch, I. Okruzhnov,, A. Orekhov, V. Podoprigora, V. Starosterikov).
Technique for establishing single caverns of underground dissolution in recirculating mode (A. Kublanov, B. Glukhov, K. Belosludtsev, Y. Bogdanov).
Determination of the levelling frequency by means of dynamic geodetic modelling (A.H.J. Mensen, A. van der Sluis).
State of the Evaluation of Measurements and Observations in Connection with Cavity Control of Liquid Filled Storage Caverns (H.J. Schweinsberg).
New visualisation and planning tools for cavern leaching operation (W. Thiels).
Rock Mechanical Hazard Analysis and Filling for Salt Mines to be Abandoned (W. Menzel, W. Minkley, K. Salzer).
Geotechnical Investigations on the Backfilling of Workings in the Leine Rock Salt at the Southern Flank of the Asse Research Mine (M.W. Schmidt, G. Gommlich, N. Stockmann, S. Meuresch, W. Menzel, P. Kamlot).
Nucleation and Crystal Growth Phenomena of Sodium Chloride Using Ethanol as an Antisolvent (S. Kaneko, I. Hirasawa).
Effect on sodium chloride crystal growth of impurities in a concentrated brine obtained from sea water (H. Ito, M. Hasegawa).
Crystallization behavior of calcium carbonate polymorphs and the effect of magnesium ion (M. Kitamura, A. Yasui).
Hydrohalite of salt waste piles of the Verkhnekamsky deposit, Ural, Russia (A.V. Rochev).
A Study on the Collection of Ca2+ from Seawater Using A Recycling Oleic Acid System (K.-H. Yu, M.-S. Tsai, T.-T. Wang, K.-C. Tsai).
Basic Concepts of Solar Salt Pond Modeling and their Use in Pond Operation (D.S. Butts).
Recovery of NaCl from a natural brine (South of Tunesia) (A. M'Nif, H. Hammi, R. Rokbani).
Modelling of crystallisation processes in solar evaporation ponds in a quasicontinuously driven small pilot plant (H. Scherzberg, J. Bach, B. Schultheis).
Following of the seawater evaporation under saltwork and laboratory conditions (V. Vancina, M. Zelic, E. Hodcic).
Recovery of boron and rare metals from sea water by chemically modified novel chitosan resins (K. Kondo, M. Matsumoto).
Mine Water Desalination Plant (Z. Raczkowski).
Potential of Membrane Technology for Improving the Brine Purification Process (W.M. Samhaber, K. Krenn).
A Fundamental Study on the Production of Highly Concentrated Sea Water by Ion Exchange Membranes (A. Tanioka, T.-J. Chou, R. Yamamoto).
Concentration of salts through various polymer membranes by up-hill transport (T. Uragami).
Hyphenation of chelation ion chromatography and ICP-OES for the determination of elements in salt. (R. Bult).
Studies on Rock Salt Microstructure In Three Areas of Russia (V.I. Smirnov, V.I. Salokhin, I.I. Zybinov, A.V. Kotov).
An Effective and simple anticorrosive additive to deicing salts(Z. Jonusiene, J. Leisys, R. Aragas).
Relationship between the salty taste and salt content of surimi gel (K. Hatae).
The Effects of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium Chlorides on the Hardening of Japanse Radish During Preheating (M. Kasai, A. Shimada).
The Effects of Salt as Enhancer on the Shrinkage of Raw Fish Muscle in Japanese Traditional "Arai" Dish (M. Matsumoto, H. Yamanaka).
A natural source of brine and sapropelic mud for therapeutic purposes (V.A.C. Bulgareanu).
Metabolic Diversity Within the Eilat, Israel Saltern (C.D. Litchfield, A. Orgy, T. Kis-Papo, A. Own).
Role of forest to the sea (K. Matsunaga). Soak liquor treatment using Artemia (A.A. Rahaman).
Assessment of the environmental impact of brine waste on the marine environment (S.P. Varnavas, Th. Lekkas).
Interrelation between coastal sabkha belts and dune migration (rate and trend): bearing on developing N.Sinai, Egypt (A.M.A. Wali, H.M. El-Asmar, E.M. Assal).
Epidemiological Surveillance System for Salt Fluoridation Programs in the Region of the Americas (R.-J. Baez).
The Iodized Salt Program Assessment Tool (R. Houston, M. Lotfi, K. Sullivan, R. Nathan, C.S. Pandav, J. Cervinkas).
The Role of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) in the Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) as a cause of brain damage by salt iodization (B.S. Hetzel).
Quality Assurance Procedures in Laboratory Monitoring and Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Quality Assurance in Salt Iodization Programme - Experience from India (M.G. Karmakar, K. Anand, A. Sood, C.S. Pandav).
Urinary iodine in IDD monitoring in Bulgaria (L. Ivanova, B. Lozanov, Zv. Timtcheva, M. Vukov, B. Boeva).
Investigation on the stability of Iodide and Iodate in table salts in Iran and the determination of its impurities (F. Halek, S. Boghozian).
Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) as a stabilizer of double fortified (iron and iodine) salt does not alter the calcium and phosphorous homeostasis (K. Madhavan Nair, G.N.V. Brahman, A. Laxmaiah, Ch. Gal Reddy, M. Vishnuvardhana Rao, S. Ranganathan, K. Vijaraghavan, B. Sivakumar, K. Krishnaswamy).
The use of the lithium marker technique for assesing the intake of household salt and its required iodine content to control iodine deficiency disorders (A. Melse-Boonstra, H. Rexwinkel, J. Bulux, N.W. Solomons, C.E. West).
Management information system for monitoring of universal salt iodization programme, a case study from Sikkim India (R. Sankar, B. Rai, T. Pulger, T.R. Gyatso, C.S. Pandav, M.G. Karmakar).
Dramatic decrease of deaths caused by strokes and heart attacks in Finland: Contribution of factors other than use of drugs and lowering of salt intake (E. Mervaala, T. Vaskonen, E. Pihkala, H. Karppanen).
Sodium Intake and Balance in Japanse (N. Kodama, M. Nishimuta, E. Morikuni, Y.H. Yoshioka, H. Takeyama, H. Yamada, H. Kitajima, K. Ono).
Salt sensitivity in essential hypertension: diagnosis, pathophysiology and associated cardiovascular risk (A. de la Sierra, E. Bragulat, V. Giner, M.T. Aguilera, C. Sierra, E. Gomez-Angelats, M.T. Antonio and A. Coca).
Beneficial Cardiovascular Effects of the Novel Multi-Bene Food Composition (T. Vaskonen, E. Mervaala, H. Karppanen).
Late papers.
Will Chlorine Demand Set the Table for Salt? (R.R. Smith).
Contribution to IDD Elimination through food salt iodination in China (Dong Zhihua).
Brine storages as renewable power's sources. (N.M. Sonina, V.I. Salokhin, M.K. Teplov).
Pro Iodized Salt, Contra Iodization of Other Food Stuff (R. Gärtner).
An overview of the world salt industry (A. Brown).
The progress of weather forecasts on Winter Road Maintenance in the Netherlands (M. Noort).
Trends in cavern storage of petrochemicals and netural gas in Canada (J.S. Manocha, N.G. Crossley, O. Cicchini).
Deep charging of solar crystallisers (D.S. Jahla).
Salt industry and environment (D.S. Jahla).
Salt extraction from lake Quarun, Egypt as a means to improve the environment (A.A. Dardir).