SaltSensibility

With the current woes of Wall Street feared trickling down to Main Street, at least some folks on Madison Avenue must be smiling. Marketers dream of converting dreary commodities into exciting products. And now, a "salt revolution" has come to our industry. "Everyone" is talking about salt, the media agree. For example, Amy Culbertson of the Ft. Worth (TX) Star-Telegram, publishes yesterday on Seattlepi.com, told readers:

Flor de sal hibiscus. Danish Viking-Smoked. Peruvian pink. Hawaiian red alaea. Black Cyprus. Australian Murray River.

Salts worth splurging on There are practically as many varieties of salt to choose from as there are oils and vinegars. Chefs are sprinkling them over ceviches, steaks and sometimes desserts; detailing their provenance on menus; offering tastings of them instead of filling saltshakers with them.

The salt revolution has really taken hold. No longer can you feel smug about cooking with kosher salt or sea salt instead of pedestrian old Morton. If you're cutting-edge, you'll be touting your French fleur de sel smoked over oak wine barrels.

But Culbertson wasn't satisfied, asking whether the highly-touted (and -priced) salts are more hype than hip. She interviewed a local restaurant owner, Jon Bonnell, owner/chef at Bonnell's Fine Texas Cuisine in Fort Worth, who told her:

"I think it's more about giving fun gourmet gifts than a genuine difference in taste," says Bonnell, who uses basic kosher salt for cooking at his restaurant. "That being said, however, I have six or seven different kinds of salts by my cutting board at home," listing as his favorites Danish smoked sea salt, Cyprus flakes and Australian pink salt.

And, if much of the appeal of the exotic salts is essentially theatrical -- well, dining has always been partly about theater.

Bonnell still uses kosher salt most frequently at home as well, but occasionally he'll grab a pinch of one of the exotic types when he's feeling playful. And it's the play factor that provides the intangible appeal of these colorful crystals. We humans have always been fascinated with gems and crystals, so it's no wonder these salts have such allure for cooks.

"It's kind of fun that even salt can be a playful ingredient these days," says Bonnell, who happily recalls a recent dinner at a boutique Napa Valley winery where heirloom tomatoes from the winery's garden were served with a half-dozen different salts for tasting, served in a gadget reminiscent of the carousel-style server restaurants used to use for baked-potato toppings. "That was pretty fun," he says.

Being "hip" may be mostly hype, but let's enjoy the ride!

Posted by Dick Hanneman at 10:27 AM | Permalink

The growing shortage of water around the world is no laughing matter. As highlighted in the article, “A Glass Half Full,” over the next 20 years, it is highly likely that many areas of our country and the rest of the world will face dramatic changes in the availability, quality, disposal and regulation of our water supplies. There are few new sources of conventional fresh water left to exploit. Everything we have is already allocated to specific uses.

On the other hand, there are unlimited supplies of sea water, brackish water and impaired groundwater available for desalination. While the desalination process removes salt from water, it likewise removes all other minerals. Since the process was growing so rapidly on an international basis, the World Health Organization decided to seek advice on the value of remineralizing desalinated water. They organized a workshop in Rome in 2003 as well as a symposium in Baltimore and follow-on Expert Consultation in Washington in 2006.

After spending close to 20 years with the largest UN agency, I am intimately familiar with UN Expert Consultations, Workshops and Symposia – all too often they are designed to reinforce the agenda of the staff members that organize these events. It is a rare occasion when objectivity surfaces. In this case, although several well thought out interventions were presented by competent professionals from around the world, WHO ignored them in their drive to establish recommendations to have desalinated water remineralized.

Their draft report, “Desalination for Safe Water Supply” repeats their recommendation for the remineralization of desalinated water. The Salt Institute responded that the goal of this initiative was to improve health, yet the draft report does not provide any evidence that the suggested proposals will yield any beneficial results. Even at the recommended levels of calcium and magnesium remineralization, less than 10 percent of the Daily Recommended Intake amounts can be obtained from drinking water. Just as with fluorides, there are more practical vehicles for delivery of trace mineral nutrients than public water supplies – a good deal of which is used for purposes other than drinking.

Food is clearly the appropriate vehicle for magnesium. A good food source of magnesium contains a substantial amount of magnesium in relation to its calorie content and contributes at least 10 percent of the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (U.S. RDA) for magnesium in a selected serving size. The U.S. RDA for magnesium is 400 milligrams per day. The most recent research confirms that food should remain the best vehicle for magnesium delivery.

The Salt Institute also believes that it would have been prudent for WHO to consult with the Nutrition and Consumer Division of FAO on this matter. FAO has a fertilizer group dedicated to soil nutrition and an essential part of its goals focus upon the benefits for human and animal nutrition. Magnesium is an essential soil nutrient in all sustainable agriculture. Had there been a joint WHO/FAO study group and call for better soil management practices, particularly regarding magnesium and calcium fertilization, agricultural yields would increase and, more importantly from a nutritional point of view, there would be an immediate increase in the levels of calcium and magnesium in a very broad range of foods, thus achieving WHO’s goals.

While we wholeheartedly support the overall goals of WHO, the Organization’s tunnel vision approach on magnesium and calcium nutrition for desalinated water does not reflect what should have been the functional synergies to be gained through working together with FAO and other cogent UN sister agencies.

Posted by Mort Satin at 03:32 PM | Permalink

British scientists at King’s College, London appear to have found a new way to regulate hypertension which involves oxidation. Oxidation in the past has generally been regarded as harmful rather than good, but researchers now acknowledge that it is central to normal cell function.

Important for all tissues, the enzyme protein kinase G or PKG is particularly functional in the cardiovascular system where it plays a fundamental role along with nitric oxide in blood pressure regulation. What the researchers discovered was a way in which PKG can be regulated independently of nitric oxide which may open up new approaches to manage hypertension. Metabolic oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide can elicit bonding between two amino acids which activates PKG, which in turn, leads to lowering of blood pressure.

The research is published in the journal Science.

Active oxidant/anti-oxidant species are generated during normal metabolism. Fruits and vegetables have been shown to contain high levels of these compounds, which provide protection against harmful free radicals and have been suggested to lower the incidence and mortality rates of cancer and heart disease in addition to a number of other health benefits. Fruits and vegetables have repeatedly shown to be extraordinarily effective in reducing hypertension and have been considered critical in reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease.

Perhaps the latest research will clarify why.

Posted by Mort Satin at 02:23 PM | Permalink

This week, Local Authorities Coordinators of Regulatory Services (LACORS), a UK government body set up to provide advice and guidance to support local regulatory services, issued a report accusing British food manufacturers of "hoodwinking" consumers by manipulating serving sizes to minimize the amount of salt.

Are you kidding? Apparently LACORS feels the food industry is as obsessed with salt as it obviously is. Salt as the only nutrient of interest? What about the food industry's desire to showcase "good" nutrients? If a single chicken nugget is a smallish "serving" then the amount of protein is proportionately small. If serving sizes are wrong, don't blame salt; get regulators and FSA together and agree on proper standards. Don't obsess on salt.

Myopia reigns at LACORS.

LACORS ignored its basic mission: to promote sound health. It has embraced the Food Standards Agency's politically-correct salt-bashing campaign, ignoring entirely that campaign's flawed assumptions and utter lack of a health outcome metric. "Success" is salt reduction, argues FSA, simply assuming a health benefit. Studies in the US and Finland have put the lie to this easy assumption.

Contrast that to the Food Dudes program whose goal it is to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in the UK. They may have a miniscule budget and certainly lack the glitz and horsepower of the FSA, but Food Dudes understands the science: increasing intakes of fruit and vegetables will not only reduce cardiovascular diseases, but a great many other chronic diseases as well. It is a pity that they don’t have the spotlight

LACORS is right on one point: the consumer IS being hoodwinked. But FSA and LACORS are doing the hoodwinking, not the food industry.

Posted by Dick Hanneman at 03:58 PM | Permalink

The August edition of IFT’s Food Technology, the most widely read journal in the food industry (monthly circulation of 35,000) just came out. The OpEd column, Perspectives, contains a hard-hitting look at those who pursue salt reduction instead of increased fruit and vegetable consumption as a means of controlling hypertension.

A Salty Red Herring describes how a diet high in fruit and vegetables leads to a much lower incidence of chronic disease and a decline in the majority of risk factors associated with cardiac disease and stroke. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products demonstrated that hypertension can easily be reduced, even in salt-sensitive people (Appel et al., 1997). However, with a diet high in fruits and vegetables, not only is hypertension dramatically reduced, but all other cardiovascular risk factors are reduced as well.

Despite the evidence of fruit and vegetables benefits, the article asks why do AMA, FSA, and CSPI continue to aggressively push salt reduction (partially reducing one cardiovascular risk factor in a small proportion of the population) and say so little about dramatically increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables (reducing the impact of all risk factors for the total population)? In other words, why do they insist on chasing the salted red herring when a much more meaningful and beneficial resolution to many diet-related health problems is so obvious?

Posted by Mort Satin at 04:49 PM | Permalink

In a world of competing imperatives, it is difficult to satisfy everyone. However, Dr. Larry Berger describes a management system that is doing just that. He believes that the weight-gain efficiencies of grain-based feed lots and the ecological and agronomic benefits of natural grazing don’t have to be mutually exclusive approaches. The ideas behind these feeding system can be combined into a management feeding approach that takes the best of each. It’s called rotational grazing and is described in detail in Larry Berger’s article, “Salt and Rotational Grazing,” which appears in the July, 2007 edition of the Angus Journal.

Rotational or management-intensive grazing, can increase beef production per acre by 30% when compared to traditional grazing. All it takes is good, hands-on management and a bit of common sense technique. Rotational grazing requires the division of large pastures to several smaller paddocks which are grazed in short (2-4 day) intervals before moving the cattle on to the next paddock. When 10 or more paddocks are involved, grazing cycle repeats itself at roughly 30-day intervals.

The benefits are self evident, but we’ll list them anyway. First of all there is increased beef production per acre, then more uniform grazing which prevents bare spots, then the animal waste is more evenly distributed across the paddock and finally, the improved nutrient recycling increases forage production, which brings us back to increased beef production per acre. Pretty nifty, isn’t it?

But it doesn’t stop there, because cattle that graze lush forages have an increased appetite for salt. In fact, they will usually consume twice as much salt as those fed high cost, high-concentrate diets and salt is an excellent carrier of essential micronutrients as well as ionophores such as monensin. Feeding studies report that self-feeding a salt-monensin-supplement gave the same daily gain as hand-feeding the monensin supplement without salt. Salt, the most reliable intake regulator can be made even better when combined with monensin leading to increased beef production. But, it doesn’t stop there either.

A deeper knowledge of cattle and their grazing habits prompted the use of salt feeders as management tools to accomplish other objectives aside from meeting the cattle’s nutritional requirements. For instance, fly populations are a major challenge to grazing animals. The Noble Foundation found that combining the salt feeder and cattle rub in the same tool, was one of the most effective ways to control flies. Recent research show that weight gains were increased 27 lb. per head for weaned calves and by an average of 17% in yearling grazing cattle when flies were controlled.

To sum up, rational hands-on grazing management, using salt and rotational grazing leads to increased beef production per acre – or did we say that before?

You can read Larry Berger’s latest Salt and Trace Minerals Newsletter, “Factors Affecting the Trace Mineral Status of Feeder Calves,” along with a full library of practical nutrition and feeding papers at the Salt Institute salt and trace minerals in animal nutrition

Posted by Mort Satin at 03:18 PM | Permalink

With mounting concern about the potential for terrorists to target in-transit chlorine, we've blogged about the potential for on-site chlorination. Others are promoting a switch in disinfectants, suggesting replacing less costly chlorine with bleach or UV light, the Center for American Progress among them warned of "toxic trains and terrorists:"

Each year, thousands of tons of highly toxic chlorine gas travel by rail in the United States to drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities and other industries. These massive railcars traverse some 300,000 miles of freight railways, passing through almost all major American cities and towns. A rupture of one of these railcars could release a dense, lethal plume for miles downwind, potentially killing or injuring thousands of people.

The Department of Homeland Security and numerous security experts have repeatedly warned that terrorists could use industrial chemicals as improvised weapons of mass destruction—and indeed, terrorists recently attacked and blew up several trucks carrying chlorine in Iraq. In this respect, railcars of chlorine gas represent a distinct national security vulnerability. Yet Congress and the Bush administration have not acted to eliminate unnecessary uses of chlorine gas railcars even where undeniably affordable and practical alternatives exist.

We think on-site chlorination needs a closer look. Water utilities know how to handle chlorine. It works and it's the least costly option. On-site chlorination removes the threat of some rocket attack on a railcar or tanker truck.

Posted by Dick Hanneman at 12:58 PM | Permalink

“Vitamins No Magic Bullet for Heart Health,” “Study doubts antioxidant benefits for heart risk women,” “Vitamins May Be No Match For Mother Nature,” typical headlines resulting from a just published study in the Archives of Internal Medicine. I find it odd that there is such an uproar over the finding that individual nutritional elements, such as vitamins C and E or the antioxidant beta carotene in pill form do not contribute to health in the same way as when they are consumed as integral components of fruits and vegetables.

This study highlights a number of fundamental problems we encounter in modern nutrition-based medical research. We have come to rely very heavily on epidemiological studies, regarding them as functional rather than numerical relationships. Theories, policies and interventions are churned out of the health establishment based upon the tyranny of statistics rather than a knowledge of the underlying physiological mechanisms. That’s how we end up with the swarm of “paradoxes,” the French paradox, the Italian paradox, etc. Is it the wine, or perhaps the omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids? Should we focus on flax or concern ourselves with nutrient flux? Most importantly, can we isolate the one magic bullet that will rationalize the statistics we observed? With that one magic bullet, it would be child’s play to promulgate a health policy and a simple intervention strategy. Unfortunately, life processes seldom revolve around single bullets.

Another primary problem is the lack of knowledge concerning the contradictions we observe between laboratory studies and clinical trials. As an example, most people believe that the majority of vitamin C is lost during processing because laboratory analysis indicates the ascorbic acid is gone. What has actually happened is that the ascorbic acid is converted into dehydroascorbic acid, which doesn’t show up on the standard laboratory analysis. However, dehydroascorbic acid has virtually the same health benefits as ascorbic acid. The laboratory analysis says the vitamin C is gone, it has ceased to be, it is no more, however, our astute bodies tell us it’s not – another example of the “in vitro, in vivo paradox.”

The same paradox is evident in the countless dietary studies carried out, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. Many of these studies begin with the notoriously inaccurate, self-professed food survey - the 24-hour recall (“I don’t remember eating that Twinkie,” said the adiposed adolescent). Once this questionable set of data on intakes is collected, it is usually put through clever computer programs such as the Minnesota Nutrition Data System software which converts these stated intakes into nutrients, based upon the ubiquitous, but inadequate USDA tables and other data on proprietary food preparations. The USDA tables disregard the issue of digestibility (or more correctly, indigestibility). These tables and the numerous computerized nutrient data programs that derive from them, assume that everything is fully digested – 100% bioavailability. This is, of course, wrong. The most digestible protein, egg albumin is only about 95% digestible, while celery can be down to 65-70% on a dry matter basis. This means that a significant portion of micronutrients may not be available.

We brush aside the impact of indigestibility of individual foods as well as the impacts of one food upon another. This is strange since we have long accepted the positive, synergistic effects of foods taken together, such as bread and milk, where the essential amino acids complement one another. Why deny the flip side of indigestibility? If you eat your eggs together with a few florets of broccoli, how much of the egg nutrients do you actually digest? Without knowing with precision which nutrients are absorbed in what amounts, data is churned out, often to several decimal places, for us to ruminate and develop theories upon. Garbage in, garbage out. On top of that, a lack of appreciation of the impact of micronutrients generated by gut microorganisms confounds our conclusions even further. So we end up observing what was taken in and observing the final outcome, but not knowing much about what actually happened in the process. Not a very sound basis upon which to promulgate health policies and interventions. It highlights the disconnect between what is observed in the laboratory (i.e. the USDA tables) and what actually happens in real life.

This unfortunate combination of poorly executed analysis, imprecise knowledge of physiological mechanisms and the unremitting drive to find a singular explanation to statistical relationships results in policies, advice and interventions that do not stand the test of time. We have seen this with hormone replacement therapy, salt reduction programs and we see it again with prescribed vitamin regimes. No wonder we see headlines such as, “Vitamins May Be No Match For Mother Nature.”

Posted by Mort Satin at 11:17 AM | Permalink

Speaking yesterday in San Francisco, Sen. Hillary Clinton took a shot at the Bush Administration for allegedly abusing science. Lisa Neff of the Associated Press reported:

Clinton argued that the executive branch has put ideology over evidence at the expense of the nation's health and economic viability. “Scientists have been muzzled. Information has been taken off government-sponsored Web sites. The leaders of our country have dismissed scientific research and advancements,” Clinton said. “They have denied the factual basis of so much that we take for granted.”

While the rhetoric may be politically-correct pablum, this is the first we've seen of a presidential candidate seeking to elevate the visibility of the issue.

We extend our support and best wishes to those who would improve the quality of science, but note that those who've been attacking the Administration for manipulating science have recorded themselves steadily against the President's several iniatives to establish objective data quality standards as part of the federal regulatory review process.

Perhaps Sen. Clinton is trying to "triangulate" on the issue in the manner of her husband -- who, after all, signed into law the Data Quality Act, toothless though that's proved to be.

Posted by Dick Hanneman at 06:06 PM | Permalink

Will reducing population salt intakes save the thousands of lives promised by public health agencies in the U.S. and the U.K.? The only country to achieve a significant reduction in salt intake is Finland and researchers Karppanen and Mervaala published the outcomes in the journal, Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. Not only did they claim that the significant reduction in salt consumption led to a dramatic decrease in cardiovascular disease, but they went further and attributed the 4.5 year increase in longevity to it as well.

Since this was the first medical study to actually look at a broad-based national salt reduction with health outcomes over a 30 year period, I thought it would be worth comparing with other countries.

This comparison appears in our latest edition of the Salt and Health Newsletter. The Global Cardiovascular Infobase, makes possible a clear comparison of patterns of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in all countries. As it turns out Finland, the only country to significantly reduce salt consumption, experienced the weakest reduction in Ischemic heart disease over the last 30 years. In fact, Canada, a country where no salt reduction took place, started at the same point as Finland, but ended up with double the heart disease reduction. That certainly doesn't say much about the positive impact of salt reduction, quite the contrary.

To check out the situation with life expectancy, I accessed the International Data Base of the US Census Bureau . Here again Finland, the only country to severely cut its salt intake, ended up with a rather small increase in logevity compared to the other countries.

Based on this Finnish study, we can say with confidence that despite an almost 50% reduction in the consumption of salt in Finland, there are no health benefits attributable to this intervention.

Posted by Mort Satin at 03:27 PM | Permalink